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Injection Therapy

Local Anesthetics

History
1884 Koller Cocaine
1880 Rothenstein Ethyl chloride spray
1890 Reclus Infiltration analgesia
1890 Halsted & Hall Mandibular nerve block
1905 Braun Procain : 1st synthesized
1931 Amethocaine
1943 Lofgren & Lundqvist Lignocaine synthesis
1945 Gordh Lidgnocaine used
1959 Gordh Prilocaine
1963 Telivuo Bupivacaine
1972 Etidocaine
1997 Ropivacaine

Structure

Aromatic group + Amine with intermediate chain(amide or ester link)

Mode of Action

block membrane depolarisation

Systemic toxicity
1. circumoral tingling 2. CNS 3. CVS 4. Miscellaneous numbness of tongue, light headedness, visual and auditory disturbance, muscular twitchig, unconsciousness, coma, respiartory arrest, CVS depression

Prevention of toxicity

Avoid accidental intravascular injection
Aspirate
Inject slowly and observe patient, repeat aspiration test.
Use of adrenaline solution
Avoid overdose

Maximum dose

Lignocaine 3mg/kg without adrenaline(200mg)
7mg/kg with adrenaline(500mg)
Prilocaine 3mg/kg(0.6ml/kg)(400mg alone, 600mg with felypressin)
Bupivacaine 2mg/kg
150mg(30ml of 0.5% soln) in a 4 hour period
Max. dose is 400mg per 24 hrs.

Additives

1. vasoconstrictors
Adrenaline 1:200,000
S/E : HT, tachycardia, bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias
Avoid in HT, thyrotoxicosis.
2. preservatives : Methyl hydroxybenzoate, Methylparaben
3. Sodium hydroxide
4. Glucose

Steroid

Choice of steroid preparation
Triamcinolone : potent. cavity ³»¿¡ ÁÁ´Ù.
Hydrocortisone for intralesional use
Prednisolone: tendon sheath

* Triamcinolone

Soft tissue(ligament, tenoosseous junction) 10mg
IA 10-20mg(20mg for shoulder orknee, 10mg ACJ)
Epidural 20-40mg
* weightbearing tendon¿¡´Â °¡´ÉÇÑÇÑ ÇÇÇ϶ó

Shoulder

ÁÖ»çÈÄ 48½Ã°£Àº ½¬¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í 1-2ÁÖ°£Àº aggravating activities(ƯÈ÷ overhead tasks)¸¦ ±ÝÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

GHJ : effusion ÀÖÀ¸¸é ½¬¿îµ¥, adhesive capsulitis³ª DJD ´Â Èûµé´Ù.
1) posterior approach°¡ ½±°í, ´Ù¸¥ Á¶Á÷ ¼Õ»óÀÌ Àû´Ù. posterior margin of acromion¿¡¼­ 1cm ¹Ø, 1 cm medial¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. ÆÈÀ» µ¹·Áº¸¸é joing lineÀ» ÃËÁöÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æÇâÀº coracoid process¸¦ ÇâÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀÌ »À¿¡ ´êÀ¸¸é ÆÈÀ» »ì¸ç½Ã µ¹·Á¼­ humerus¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
10 mg tricmcinolone with 1% or 2% lidocaine (5ml)
2) anterior approach
ȯÀÚ´Â supine ¶Ç´Â semi-reclined positionÀ¸·Î ÆÈÀ» ¹è¿¡ ´ïÀ¸·Î½á internal rotation ½ÃŲ´Ù. coracoidr processÀÇ just lateral and inferior¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ ÆÈÀ» µ¹¸®¸é¼­ joint lineÀ» È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.

Subacromial bursa
impingement, rotator cuff tendinitis, subacromial bursitisÀÏ ¶§.
±ÙÀ°ÀÌ relaxµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼­ acromion°ú humeral head »çÀÌ¿¡ °ø°£À» °¨ÁöÇÑ´Ù.
posterolateral approach°¡ ½±´Ù. ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀ» acromionÀÇ anterior marginÀ» ÇâÇØ medially Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. Rotator cuff¿¡ Á÷Á¢ Áֻ簡 ¾Èµé¾î°¡°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϴµ¥, ±×·²·Á¸é ÀÏ´Ü subacromial space¿¡ ¹Ù´ÃÀÌ µé¾î°¡¸é ¾à°£ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´Ã ¹æÇâÀ» ¿Ã¸®¸é µÈ´Ù.
2-5ml LA + 25-50mg hydrocortisone acetate or 10mg triamcinolone

Acromioclavicular joint

humerus¸¦ ¸ö¿·¿¡ ´ë°í À§¾Æ·¡·Î ¿òÁ÷À̸鼭, clavicle ³¡À» ¹ØÀ¸·Î ´©¸£¸é ACJ¸¦ ½±°Ô ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
superoir ¶Ç´Â anterosuperior¿¡¼­ Á÷°¢À¸·Î °üÀý¿¡ ÁÖ»ç.
2.5-5mg triamcinolone + 1% or 2% lidocaine 1ml

Bicipital tendinitis

ȯÀÚ´Â ¹ÝÁ¤µµ ±â´ë°í ¾É¾Æ¼­ elbow flexed, shoulder extended, external rotation bicipital tendonÀ» ÃËÁöÇÏ¿© markÇÑ´Ù.
¹Ù´ÃÀ» tendonÀÇ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ºñ½ºµëÈ÷ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. easy flow È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.deeper injectionµµ °¡´É : bone¿¡ ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀÌ ´êÀºÈÄ Á¶±Ý »©¼­.25mg hydrocortisone or 5mg triamcinolone

Elbow joint

1) Posterior approach
elbow 90µµ ±¼°î, triceps tendon»çÀÌ depressionÀ» ÃËÁö.
ÇǺο¡ Á÷°¢À¸·Î olecranon process ¹Ù·Î À§·Î ÁÖ»ç. ease of fluid ¶Ç´Â aspirationÀ¸·Î °üÀý³» À§Ä¡ È®ÀÎ.
* Posterolateral approachµµ °¡´É : ´õ ½±´Ù. radial head¿Í lateral epicondyle»çÀÌ·Î ÁÖ»ç. ȯÀÚ´Â prone position, ÆÈÀº supinated. Radial head(inferiorly)¿Í posterior margin of the lateral epicondyle(superiorly)»çÀÌ °ø°£ ÃËÁöÇÏ¿© ¹Ù´ÃÀ» Áý¾î³Ö°í, anteromedial directionÀ¸·Î ÁÖ»ç. 20mg triamcinolone + 1ml of 1% lidocaine

2) Lateral approach
elbow 90µµ ±¼°î. ¾öÁö¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ» radial head area¿¡ ´ë°í ȯÀÚÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» ȸÀü½ÃÅ°¸é¼­ lateral radiohumeral part of the joint¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù. °üÀýÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ º¸´Ù´Â ¾Æ·¡ÂÊÀ» ºñ½ºµëÈ÷ Áö³ªµíÀÌ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. 10-25mg hydrocortison acetate or 5-10mg triacmcinolone

3) Olecranon bursa
elbow 90µµ ±¼°î. 21 ¶Ç´Â 22 gauge needle.
olecranon processÀÇ bony projectionÀÇ lateral and posteriorÂÊr¿¡¼­ µé¾î°¡ bursaÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î Â´Ù.
aspirationÈÄ steroid¸¦ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. 20mg methyl prednisoloneÀ̳ª ±×¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â steroid.

4) lateral epicondylitis
elbow´Â 90µµ ±¼°î, supination »óÅÂ. ÃËÁöÇÏ¿© °¡Àå tender point¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â º¸Åë lateral epicondyle¿¡¼­ ¾à°£ distal Àε¥ »ç¶÷¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸£´Ù.
ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀ» Á÷°¢À¸·Î Â´Ù. »À¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ¸é °¡±î¿î °÷¿¡ ÁÖ»ç¾àÀ» ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù.
tenoperiosteal junction¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÏ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î joint³ª bursa¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ÀúÇ×À» ¸¹ÀÌ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
°¡Àå tenderÇÑ °÷ÀÇ ÁÖÀ§·Î ºÎä²Ã ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀÔÇϴµ¥, ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀ» Á¶±Ý »°´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã Â´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù.
2-5ml of a combination of 10-25mg hydrocortisone acetate, 5-10mg triamcinolone ¶Ç´Â 10-20mg methylprednisolone with 1% lidocaine

5) Medial epicondylitis
lateral epicondylitisÀÇ ÁÖ»ç¹æ¹ý°ú µ¿ÀÏÇѵ¥, ulnar nerve°¡ ¼Õ»óµÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

45µµ·Î ¹Ù´ÃÀ» ÁÖÀÔ. Distal wrist crease, lateral to palmaris longus tendon. Midway between the pisiform and the scaphoid tubercle.
Á¦´ë·Î µé¾î°¡¸é loss of resistance »ý±è. 1-1.5cm Á¤µµ µé¾î°¨.

de Quervain's tenosynovitis

tenosynovitis of the tendons of the short extensor and long abductor of the thumb may occur in the mid-forearm or overlying the radial styloid.ºÎÀº tendon sheath¿¡ ÆòÇà¿¡ °¡±õ°Ô ÁÖ»ç. 10mg triamcinolone + 1ml 1% lidocaine

Trigger finger

27gauge needleÀ» first annular pulleyÀÇ proximal¿¡ ÀÖ´Â flexor sheath¾È¿¡ Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. Gentle passive movement of the finger(thumb)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ needle tipÀÌ tendonÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ ±ÜÈ÷¸é¼­ ³»´Â crepitant sensationÀÌ ´À²¸Áö¸é Á¶±Ý»«ÈÄ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù.

Trochanteric bursitis

superolateral aspect of the greater trochanter¿¡ tenderness°¡ Àִ°÷¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ÁÖ»ç. 2cm2 Á¤µµÀÇ ³ÐÀÌ¿¡ ÁÖ»ç. 21gauge needle, 10mg triamcinolone, 9ml of 1% lidocaine

Knee

supine»óÅ¿¡¼­ knee¸¦ full extension½ÃÅ°°í, 18-21gauge needleÀ» ÇǺο¡ Á÷°¢À¸·Î Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. PatellaÀÇ lateral or medial upper borderÀÇ ¾à°£ posteriorÂÊÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÑ entryÀÌ´Ù.
40-80mg methylprednisolone acetate or 20-40mg triamcinolone hexacetonide.
Anterior approach ; ¹«¸­À» 90µµ·Î ±¸ºÎ¸®°í. patellar tendonÀÇ just lateral·Î ÁÖ»ç ¹Ù´ÃÀ» Áý¾î³Ö°í ¾à°£ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁøÇà½ÃŲ´Ù.

Ankle and Foot

1) Ankle joint
ȯÀÚ´Â supineÀ¸·Î ´¯°í, ¾à°£ ¹ß¸ñÀÌ plantar flexed »óÅÂ. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» tibialis anterior tendonÀÇ just medialÀ̸鼭 tibia lower marginÀÇ distal¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» µÚÂÊ°ú lateral, superior ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î 1-2cm Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù.
20 mg triamcinolone + 4 ml 1% lidocaine

2) Subtalar joint
ȯÀÚ´Â ´¯°í, ¹ßÀº 90µµ ±¼°î. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» lateral malleolus tipÀÇ ¹Ù·Î anteroinferior¿¡ ÀÖ´Â sinus tarsi·Î ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù.
* Medial approach : sustentaculum taliÀÇ ¹Ù·ÎÀ§¿¡ ÁÖ»ç. lateral ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀÔ.

3) MTP joint
dorsomedial or dorsolateral approach on either side of the extensor tendon to a depth of 2-4ml. 25gauge needle.

4) Plantar fascitis
¹ß¹Ù´Ú medial·Î ÁÖ»ç. »À¿¡ ºÎµóÈùÈÄ ¾à°£ »©°í ´Ù½Ã ÁÖ»ç. juctionÀÇ À§, ¾Æ·¡¿¡.2-5ml mixture


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