Local Anesthetics
History 1884 Koller Cocaine 1880 Rothenstein Ethyl chloride spray 1890 Reclus Infiltration analgesia 1890 Halsted & Hall Mandibular nerve block 1905 Braun Procain : 1st synthesized 1931 Amethocaine 1943 Lofgren & Lundqvist Lignocaine synthesis 1945 Gordh Lidgnocaine used 1959 Gordh Prilocaine 1963 Telivuo Bupivacaine 1972 Etidocaine 1997 Ropivacaine |
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Structure |
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Aromatic group + Amine with intermediate chain(amide or ester link) |
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Mode of Action |
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block membrane depolarisation
Systemic toxicity 1. circumoral tingling 2. CNS 3. CVS 4. Miscellaneous numbness of tongue, light headedness, visual and auditory disturbance, muscular twitchig, unconsciousness, coma, respiartory arrest, CVS depression |
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Prevention of toxicity |
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Avoid accidental intravascular injection Aspirate Inject slowly and observe patient, repeat aspiration test. Use of adrenaline solution Avoid overdose |
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Maximum dose |
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Lignocaine 3mg/kg without adrenaline(200mg) 7mg/kg with adrenaline(500mg) Prilocaine 3mg/kg(0.6ml/kg)(400mg alone, 600mg with felypressin) Bupivacaine 2mg/kg 150mg(30ml of 0.5% soln) in a 4 hour period Max. dose is 400mg per 24 hrs. |
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Additives |
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1. vasoconstrictors Adrenaline 1:200,000 S/E : HT, tachycardia, bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias Avoid in HT, thyrotoxicosis. 2. preservatives : Methyl hydroxybenzoate, Methylparaben 3. Sodium hydroxide 4. Glucose |
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Steroid |
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Choice of steroid preparation Triamcinolone : potent. cavity ³»¿¡ ÁÁ´Ù. Hydrocortisone for intralesional use Prednisolone: tendon sheath |
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* Triamcinolone |
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Soft tissue(ligament, tenoosseous junction) 10mg IA 10-20mg(20mg for shoulder orknee, 10mg ACJ) Epidural 20-40mg * weightbearing tendon¿¡´Â °¡´ÉÇÑÇÑ ÇÇÇ϶ó |
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Shoulder |
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ÁÖ»çÈÄ 48½Ã°£Àº ½¬¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í 1-2ÁÖ°£Àº aggravating activities(ƯÈ÷ overhead tasks)¸¦ ±ÝÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
GHJ : effusion ÀÖÀ¸¸é ½¬¿îµ¥, adhesive capsulitis³ª DJD ´Â Èûµé´Ù. 1) posterior approach°¡ ½±°í, ´Ù¸¥ Á¶Á÷ ¼Õ»óÀÌ Àû´Ù. posterior margin of acromion¿¡¼ 1cm ¹Ø, 1 cm medial¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. ÆÈÀ» µ¹·Áº¸¸é joing lineÀ» ÃËÁöÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹æÇâÀº coracoid process¸¦ ÇâÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀÌ »À¿¡ ´êÀ¸¸é ÆÈÀ» »ì¸ç½Ã µ¹·Á¼ humerus¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù. 10 mg tricmcinolone with 1% or 2% lidocaine (5ml) 2) anterior approach ȯÀÚ´Â supine ¶Ç´Â semi-reclined positionÀ¸·Î ÆÈÀ» ¹è¿¡ ´ïÀ¸·Î½á internal rotation ½ÃŲ´Ù. coracoidr processÀÇ just lateral and inferior¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ ÆÈÀ» µ¹¸®¸é¼ joint lineÀ» È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.
Subacromial bursa impingement, rotator cuff tendinitis, subacromial bursitisÀÏ ¶§. ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ relaxµÈ »óÅ¿¡¼ acromion°ú humeral head »çÀÌ¿¡ °ø°£À» °¨ÁöÇÑ´Ù. posterolateral approach°¡ ½±´Ù. ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀ» acromionÀÇ anterior marginÀ» ÇâÇØ medially Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. Rotator cuff¿¡ Á÷Á¢ Áֻ簡 ¾Èµé¾î°¡°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϴµ¥, ±×·²·Á¸é ÀÏ´Ü subacromial space¿¡ ¹Ù´ÃÀÌ µé¾î°¡¸é ¾à°£ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´Ã ¹æÇâÀ» ¿Ã¸®¸é µÈ´Ù. 2-5ml LA + 25-50mg hydrocortisone acetate or 10mg triamcinolone |
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Acromioclavicular joint |
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humerus¸¦ ¸ö¿·¿¡ ´ë°í À§¾Æ·¡·Î ¿òÁ÷À̸é¼, clavicle ³¡À» ¹ØÀ¸·Î ´©¸£¸é ACJ¸¦ ½±°Ô ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. superoir ¶Ç´Â anterosuperior¿¡¼ Á÷°¢À¸·Î °üÀý¿¡ ÁÖ»ç. 2.5-5mg triamcinolone + 1% or 2% lidocaine 1ml |
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Bicipital tendinitis |
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ȯÀÚ´Â ¹ÝÁ¤µµ ±â´ë°í ¾É¾Æ¼ elbow flexed, shoulder extended, external rotation bicipital tendonÀ» ÃËÁöÇÏ¿© markÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» tendonÀÇ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ºñ½ºµëÈ÷ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. easy flow È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù.deeper injectionµµ °¡´É : bone¿¡ ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀÌ ´êÀºÈÄ Á¶±Ý »©¼.25mg hydrocortisone or 5mg triamcinolone |
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Elbow joint |
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1) Posterior approach elbow 90µµ ±¼°î, triceps tendon»çÀÌ depressionÀ» ÃËÁö. ÇǺο¡ Á÷°¢À¸·Î olecranon process ¹Ù·Î À§·Î ÁÖ»ç. ease of fluid ¶Ç´Â aspirationÀ¸·Î °üÀý³» À§Ä¡ È®ÀÎ. * Posterolateral approachµµ °¡´É : ´õ ½±´Ù. radial head¿Í lateral epicondyle»çÀÌ·Î ÁÖ»ç. ȯÀÚ´Â prone position, ÆÈÀº supinated. Radial head(inferiorly)¿Í posterior margin of the lateral epicondyle(superiorly)»çÀÌ °ø°£ ÃËÁöÇÏ¿© ¹Ù´ÃÀ» Áý¾î³Ö°í, anteromedial directionÀ¸·Î ÁÖ»ç. 20mg triamcinolone + 1ml of 1% lidocaine
2) Lateral approach elbow 90µµ ±¼°î. ¾öÁö¼Õ°¡¶ôÀ» radial head area¿¡ ´ë°í ȯÀÚÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» ȸÀü½ÃÅ°¸é¼ lateral radiohumeral part of the joint¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÑ´Ù. °üÀýÀÇ °¡¿îµ¥ º¸´Ù´Â ¾Æ·¡ÂÊÀ» ºñ½ºµëÈ÷ Áö³ªµíÀÌ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. 10-25mg hydrocortison acetate or 5-10mg triacmcinolone
3) Olecranon bursa elbow 90µµ ±¼°î. 21 ¶Ç´Â 22 gauge needle. olecranon processÀÇ bony projectionÀÇ lateral and posteriorÂÊr¿¡¼ µé¾î°¡ bursaÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î Â´Ù. aspirationÈÄ steroid¸¦ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. 20mg methyl prednisoloneÀ̳ª ±×¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â steroid.
4) lateral epicondylitis elbow´Â 90µµ ±¼°î, supination »óÅÂ. ÃËÁöÇÏ¿© °¡Àå tender point¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â º¸Åë lateral epicondyle¿¡¼ ¾à°£ distal Àε¥ »ç¶÷¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸£´Ù. ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀ» Á÷°¢À¸·Î Â´Ù. »À¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ¸é °¡±î¿î °÷¿¡ ÁÖ»ç¾àÀ» ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. tenoperiosteal junction¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÏ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î joint³ª bursa¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ÀúÇ×À» ¸¹ÀÌ ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå tenderÇÑ °÷ÀÇ ÁÖÀ§·Î ºÎä²Ã ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀÔÇϴµ¥, ÁÖ»ç¹Ù´ÃÀ» Á¶±Ý »°´Ù°¡ ´Ù½Ã Â´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. 2-5ml of a combination of 10-25mg hydrocortisone acetate, 5-10mg triamcinolone ¶Ç´Â 10-20mg methylprednisolone with 1% lidocaine
5) Medial epicondylitis lateral epicondylitisÀÇ ÁÖ»ç¹æ¹ý°ú µ¿ÀÏÇѵ¥, ulnar nerve°¡ ¼Õ»óµÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
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Carpal tunnel syndrome |
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45µµ·Î ¹Ù´ÃÀ» ÁÖÀÔ. Distal wrist crease, lateral to palmaris longus tendon. Midway between the pisiform and the scaphoid tubercle. Á¦´ë·Î µé¾î°¡¸é loss of resistance »ý±è. 1-1.5cm Á¤µµ µé¾î°¨. |
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de Quervain's tenosynovitis |
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tenosynovitis of the tendons of the short extensor and long abductor of the thumb may occur in the mid-forearm or overlying the radial styloid.ºÎÀº tendon sheath¿¡ ÆòÇà¿¡ °¡±õ°Ô ÁÖ»ç. 10mg triamcinolone + 1ml 1% lidocaine |
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Trigger finger |
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27gauge needleÀ» first annular pulleyÀÇ proximal¿¡ ÀÖ´Â flexor sheath¾È¿¡ Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. Gentle passive movement of the finger(thumb)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ needle tipÀÌ tendonÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ ±ÜÈ÷¸é¼ ³»´Â crepitant sensationÀÌ ´À²¸Áö¸é Á¶±Ý»«ÈÄ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. |
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Trochanteric bursitis |
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superolateral aspect of the greater trochanter¿¡ tenderness°¡ Àִ°÷¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ÁÖ»ç. 2cm2 Á¤µµÀÇ ³ÐÀÌ¿¡ ÁÖ»ç. 21gauge needle, 10mg triamcinolone, 9ml of 1% lidocaine |
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Knee |
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supine»óÅ¿¡¼ knee¸¦ full extension½ÃÅ°°í, 18-21gauge needleÀ» ÇǺο¡ Á÷°¢À¸·Î Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. PatellaÀÇ lateral or medial upper borderÀÇ ¾à°£ posteriorÂÊÀÌ ÀûÀýÇÑ entryÀÌ´Ù. 40-80mg methylprednisolone acetate or 20-40mg triamcinolone hexacetonide. Anterior approach ; ¹«¸À» 90µµ·Î ±¸ºÎ¸®°í. patellar tendonÀÇ just lateral·Î ÁÖ»ç ¹Ù´ÃÀ» Áý¾î³Ö°í ¾à°£ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÁøÇà½ÃŲ´Ù. |
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Ankle and Foot |
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1) Ankle joint ȯÀÚ´Â supineÀ¸·Î ´¯°í, ¾à°£ ¹ß¸ñÀÌ plantar flexed »óÅÂ. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» tibialis anterior tendonÀÇ just medialÀÌ¸é¼ tibia lower marginÀÇ distal¿¡ ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» µÚÂÊ°ú lateral, superior ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î 1-2cm Áý¾î³Ö´Â´Ù. 20 mg triamcinolone + 4 ml 1% lidocaine
2) Subtalar joint ȯÀÚ´Â ´¯°í, ¹ßÀº 90µµ ±¼°î. ¹Ù´ÃÀ» lateral malleolus tipÀÇ ¹Ù·Î anteroinferior¿¡ ÀÖ´Â sinus tarsi·Î ÁÖ»çÇÑ´Ù. * Medial approach : sustentaculum taliÀÇ ¹Ù·ÎÀ§¿¡ ÁÖ»ç. lateral ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÁÖÀÔ.
3) MTP joint dorsomedial or dorsolateral approach on either side of the extensor tendon to a depth of 2-4ml. 25gauge needle.
4) Plantar fascitis ¹ß¹Ù´Ú medial·Î ÁÖ»ç. »À¿¡ ºÎµóÈùÈÄ ¾à°£ »©°í ´Ù½Ã ÁÖ»ç. juctionÀÇ À§, ¾Æ·¡¿¡.2-5ml mixture
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